Preheat oven to 350 °F (175 °C). Grease a 9×5-inch loaf pan and line with parchment. Toss blueberries with 1 tablespoon flour and set aside.
Beat softened butter and sugar on medium speed for 3–5 minutes until light and fluffy.
Add eggs one at a time, mixing well. Stir in lemon zest, lemon juice, and vanilla. It may look curdled—totally fine.
In a bowl, whisk together remaining flour, baking powder, baking soda, and salt.
With mixer on low, alternate adding dry ingredients and sour cream, starting and ending with dry. Mix until just combined—don’t overmix.
Gently fold in floured blueberries with a spatula, keeping them whole.
Pour batter into the pan and smooth the top. Bake 55–65 minutes or until a toothpick comes out clean.
Tent with foil after 45 minutes if browning too fast. Cool 15 minutes in pan, then transfer to a rack.
Whisk powdered sugar with lemon juice until smooth. Drizzle over cooled cake and top with lemon zest. Let set 15 minutes before slicing.