Preheat the oven to 350°F (175°C) and line two baking sheets with parchment paper.
In a medium bowl, whisk together flour, ginger, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, baking soda, and salt.
In a large bowl, beat softened butter with 1 cup of sugar until light and fluffy, about 2 minutes.
Add egg, molasses, and vanilla extract, then beat until smooth and fully combined.
Gradually mix in the dry ingredients until the dough comes together; add a bit more flour if too sticky.
Roll dough into 1-inch balls, coat with sugar, and place 2 inches apart on the baking sheets.
Bake for 8–10 minutes, until edges are set and slightly cracked while centers remain soft.
Cool on the baking sheet for 5 minutes, then transfer to a wire rack and serve or store.