Preheat the oven: Set your oven to 350°F (175°C). Grease and flour a 9×13-inch baking dish or line it with parchment paper.
Mix dry ingredients: In a medium bowl, whisk together the flour, baking powder, baking soda, and salt. Set aside.
Cream butter and sugar: In a large bowl, beat the softened butter and sugar with a mixer on medium speed for 2–3 minutes until light and fluffy.
Add eggs, lemon, and vanilla: Beat in the eggs one at a time. Add lemon zest, lemon juice, and vanilla extract. Mix until smooth.
Alternate flour and buttermilk: Add the dry ingredients in three parts, alternating with the buttermilk. Begin and end with the dry mix. Stir on low just until combined.
Fold in blueberries: Toss blueberries with 1 tablespoon of flour. Gently fold them into the batter using a spatula.
Bake the cake: Spread the batter evenly in the prepared pan. Bake for 30–35 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean.
Cool and glaze: Let the cake cool in the pan for 15 minutes. Mix powdered sugar and lemon juice until smooth, then drizzle over the warm cake. Add lemon zest if you like.